What defines a biennial plant?

A biennial plant is characterized by its unique growth cycle, which spans over two years. In the first year, these plants typically focus on establishing themselves by producing leaves and roots. They accumulate energy and nutrients during this initial growing season. When the second year arrives, the biennial plant utilizes the resources it has gathered to bloom and produce seeds. This distinct two-year growth pattern differentiates biennial plants from annuals, which complete their life cycle in one growing season, and perennials, which live for multiple years and usually flower every season after reaching maturity.

Understanding this definition helps clarify the biological and ecological roles of biennial plants in the landscape, as they can contribute to soil health and provide resources for pollinators during their flowering phase in the second year.