What is 'landscape ecology'?

Landscape ecology focuses on understanding how different landscape patterns influence ecological processes and how those processes affect the arrangement and distribution of ecosystems across landscapes. This field examines spatial relationships and interactions among various environmental factors, such as climate, soil, and vegetation, as well as the impact of human activities on these interactions.

By studying the connections between ecological processes—like energy flow, nutrient cycling, and species interactions—and the physical layout of landscapes, landscape ecology helps in effective land-use planning, conservation efforts, and sustainable management practices. The insights gained from landscape ecology are crucial for addressing environmental challenges, designing green spaces, and enhancing biodiversity within urban and rural settings.

The other options mentioned do not capture the comprehensive nature of landscape ecology. While they touch on important components related to landscapes and ecology, they lack the holistic approach that characterizes landscape ecology's emphasis on patterns and processes.